Many important forest functions have no markets, and hence, no economic Thus, it is common to see different forms of soil conservation practices across the various indigenous societies and peoples of Africa where by Ethiopia is part and parcel. Today land degradation is a critical issue in developing country including Ethiopia; as a result, it threats agricultural crop productions, which expose the people under the power of poverty. If urgent measures are not taken to arrest Ethiopia's serious land degradation, the country is headed for a "catastrophic situation" (Getinet and Tilahun 2005). These are the proximate and interacting or root causes. Land degradation is a great threat for the future and it requires great effort and resources to ameliorate. Land degradation due to severe soil erosion at Tiro Afeta district, Jimma zone of southwestern Ethiopia. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects SWC measures on soil quality . The article begins by outlining the extent and origins of environmental degradation in northern Ethiopia. To overcome it, dier - ent soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been undertaken in numerous parts of Ethiopia. Ethiopia, one of the developing countries in eastern Africa, is highly threatened by soil degradation problems (Hurni et al., 2007). Ethiopia is known for its excellent cultural soil and water conservation (SWC) practices like the famous Konso stone terraces [21]. this soil degradation due to erosion process. Ecologically sound, economically viable, and cost effective method of soil conservation - The case of grass strips in Gojam region, 7th ISCO Conference . adverse impacts on water resources quality and quantity, Soil degradation; decrease water infiltration rates, lack of preventing harmful conditions stop from water-pollution, salinization and alkalinization & Over exploitation; disturbed and deteriorated water cycling. decreasing productivity of farmlands [1] and 2 million hectares of land in Ethiopia has been severely degraded [2]. 2017).The principal causes are rapid population growth and improper land resources management and utilization which . Background: Land degradation is an urgent agenda that requires great eort and resources to ameliorate. A Due to degradation of soil through wind the country face annual yield reduction of 1-2%is estimated due to soil erosion in Ethiopia [1]. Past efforts at Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) did not bring about significant results, mainly because of the top-down approach pursued. Soil conservation and related environmental rehabilitation measures adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture, with donor assistance, are outlined and shown to be inadequate to reverse the trend of environmental degradation. Similarly, Berry (2003) also stated that loss of land resource productivity is an important problem in Ethiopia and that with continued population growth the problem is likely to be even more important in the future. Additionally, cultivation on steep slopes and clearing of vegetation has accelerated this erosion and land degradation problem [41]. Figure 1: Causes of soil erosion (Fitsum et al. It worsens soil components through disrupting ecological functions and threatens agriculture production. This cost is about 4 percent of the total GDP of the country's agricultural sector and it includes forest losses and loss of livestock capacity. Studies made in 5 di erent parts of Ethiopia also reported that annual soil loss show spatial and temporal variations. Land degradation particularly soil erosion is one of the most severe environmental problems in Ethiopia. In many areas, farming populations have experienced a decline in real income due to demographic, economic, social, and environmental changes. Soil erosion and land degradation is a major problem in the Ethiopian highlands and loses about 1.3 billion metric tons of fertile soil every year and the degradation of land through soil erosion. In the last two decades, various soil and water conservation interventions had been introduced in to different parts of Ethiopia. > World Soil Erosion and Conservation > Land degradation, famine, and land resource scenarios in Ethiopia; . Soil Degradation & Control Measures Soil degradation. 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are . Land degradation, famines, and resources scenarios in Ethiopia, in D. There are three major types of soil . The major causes of land degradation in Ethiopia are the rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and unbalanced crop and livestock production. Bojö & Cassells, 1995; Sutcliffe, 1993) the cost of soil degradation due to inappropriate soil management in Ethiopia is estimated at about USD139 million annually. Land degradation is one of the major challenges in agricultural production in many parts of the world, especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. The most common form of land degradation in Ethiopia is soil erosion by water. Other causes of soil degradation were 40 Improper farming on World Soil Erosion and Conservation - February 1993 . Land degradation, comprising degradation of Email: yerichob@gmail.com. This chapter addresses the status and drivers of land degradation in northern Ethiopia, including changes over the last century. The Ethiopian policy makers had largely ignored the problem of land degradation until the 1970s, after which national efforts for soil conservation expanded rapidly. Thus, the above classification indicates that land degradation in Ethiopia is caused by the interaction of many forces (Figure 1 and 2). In the last two decades, various soil and water conservation interventions had been introduced in to different parts of Ethiopia . Although indigenous SWC techniques date back to 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia became significant only after the 1970s. soil and water conservation practices [5]. conservation decisions in Ethiopia H. Teklewold and G. Köhlin. Ethiopia is gifted with abundant natural resources of adequate landmass, fertile soil, favorable climate, water, wildlife, and others. tree tenure has discouraged farmers from investing in soil conservation practices. Land use changes affected the whole system of food crop production in the study area, Eza wereda, which is found in West Gurageland. It has shown that soil and land degradation are the main factors attempting against the sustainability of agricultural production. This is more serous in some agrarian countries like Ethiopia specifically the high lands. 2016; Teklu et al. However, it su ers from soil erosion [22,23], which has resulted in soil degradation [24,25]. In: Pimental D (Ed): World soil erosion and conservation. In the past, it was time and financial resource The concern of this review is collating the current state of knowledge about the status of land, water, forest, rangeland and wildlife resources, and hence, assesses their . It is one of the major causes of low and declining agricultural productivity and continuing food insecurity and rural poverty. livelihood. Main agents of soil erosion are (1) Water, (2) Wind, (3) Waves and (4) Glaciers agronomy Article Soil Loss Estimation for Conservation Planning in the Welmel Watershed of the Genale Dawa Basin, Ethiopia Yared Mesfin Tessema 1,2 , Justyna Jasińska 3 , Lemma Tiki Yadeta 2,4 , Marcin Świtoniak 3 , Radosław Puchałka 5,6, * and Eyob Gebrehiwot Gebregeorgis 5,7, * 1 Department of forestry, College of agriculture and environmental sciences, Arsi University, Assela, Oromia P . The analysis is based on data collected within the framework of the Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture in co-operation with Berne University, Switzerland (Hurni, 1982). Figure 1. Rapidly increasing population pressure has led to vast change in land use/land cover pattern. P.O. rate of soil degradation in Ethiopia, and of the natural and man-made restitution through soil formation and soil con-servation. The use of incentives for soil conservation has perhaps been most widespread in Ethiopia, a country where land degradation is also most severe among the East African Countries. 2018; Adimassu et al. Even though a number of soil and water conservation methods were introduced to combat land degradation, adoption of these practices remains below expectations. Soil degradation in last few decades have been increased tremendously and adversely affected the productivity at global scale (Bargali et al., 2018; Padalia et al., 2018). Although indigenous SWC techniques date back to 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia became significant only after the 1970s. land degradation in Ethiopia is bound to proceed at aggravated rates unless significant progress is made in conservation, rehabilitation, and restoration. Pimentel,(ed.) and bolster industrial development. Box 2597 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ABSTRACT Soil conservation in Ethiopia is considered today to be of top priority, not only to maintain and improve agricultural production but also to achieve food self-sufficiency, which is the long-term objective of the agricultural development programme. On the other hand, the absence of soil conservation practice can lead . Guidelines for Development Agents: Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia Hurni H, Berhe WA, Chadhokar P, Daniel D, Gete Z, Grunder M, Kassaye G. 2016 Preface. Land degradation is a major cause of the country's low and declining agricultural productivity, persistent food insecurity, and abject rural poverty (FAO, 2006; Million and Belay, 2007). Soil erosion is the main form of land degradation, caused by the interacting effects of factors, such as biophysical characteristics and One The average annual rate of soil loss in Ethiopia is estimated to be 12 tons/ha/yr, and it can drastically exceed this on steep slopes with soil loss rates greater than 300 tons/ha/year, where vegetation is denuded. Up-to-date spatial and statistical data on basin-wide erosion rates can provide an important basis for planning and conservation of soil and water ecosystems. Ethiopia is among the poorest of countries and poverty and land and resource degradation appear to feed off each other. 1999) Cont'd • There are soils formed due to long waited deposition of sediments. Many of its resources are not properly identified, well managed, and fully exploited. It has been estimated that out of 60 million hectares of agriculturally productive land, about 27 million hectares are significantly eroded and 2 million hectares of land have . Introduction Land degradation through soil erosion it the critical issues over the worldwide including Ethiopia country [38]. Keywords Desertification Soil erosion Slope processes Soil and water conservation 21.1 Introduction The rugged landscapes of the Ethiopian highlands have been Soil degradation is one of the crucial issues in mountainous areas of Ethiopia which needs efforts to reduce it. High land areas in Ethiopia are receiving high rainfall in short period of time and it is likely to be the major reason for soil degradation in the form of erosion. At least six national SWC-related programs have been initiated since the 1970s and their focus over time has shifted from food relief to land conservation and then to livelihoods. Helsinki, 123 pp. It resulted in severe soil fertility and agricultural production decline. Applying an integrating with physical structure or alone vetiver grass contributes incredible benefits in reversing degraded land via soil and water conservation practice. • 11 soil associations cover about 87.4 % of the land area. Although land degradation is affected by soil and climate characteristics, it is mainly due to inappropriate use and management of the natural resources, soil Conservation of soil is the only way to override this problem. soil degradation (Figure 2). Kuru A (1986): Soil erosion and strategic state policy: The case of Ethiopia. Soil degradation is thus the most immediate environmental problem facing Ethiopia. Soil resource degradation is one of the major challenges in agricultural production in many parts of the world, especially in developing nations, such as Ethiopia in general and Darimu and Chewaka woreda in particular. It could also be the deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Although indigenous SWC techniques. Hurni H (1993): Land degradation, famine, and land resource scenarios in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is known for its historic agriculture, but also for the associated, widespread, and ongoing land degradation. Therefore, this They are weathered soils but far more productive than other . A global assessment of human-induced soil degradation indicated that globally about 560 million hectares (36% of total) of farmlands had degraded at an annual rate of 5 to 6 million hectares (Scherr, 1999). Soil erosion is indeed considered the most significant environmental challenge to the food security of the population and future development prospects of the country (Wagayehu 2003).A considerable volume of information has been produced since the mid-1980s regarding soil erosion in Ethiopia (Barbier 1989, 2000; FAO . The major causes of land degradation in Ethiopia are the rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and unbalanced crop and livestock production. The minimum estimated annual costs of land degradation in Ethiopia range from 2 to 3% of agricultural GDP (FAO, 2010). Land degradation is the common environmental problem in Ethiopia. It is prevalent at a tragic rate in Ethiopia. But some soil and water conservation measures have faced challenges from farmers in Ethiopia. But some soil and water conservation measures have faced challenges from farmers in Ethiopia. Of all the problems, soil erosion by water is the most threatening and widespread ecological process that adversely affect rural population by reducing productivity and resource degradation. The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of empirical approaches to select and apply soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. This paper reviews Ethiopia's experien ce and research progress in past soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts and suggests possible solutions for improvement. Indigenous knowledge in soil conservation practices is common in many indigenous peoples of the world. In Ethiopia erosion and land degradation on the livelihood resource had become a key issue, resulted for food insecurity and difficult to break through the poverty gap using subsistence farming. the country for serious land degradation due to soil erosion by water [40]. Darimu and Chewaka are one of the 180 woredas in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The methodology used in identifying the constraints were the collection of The soil loss rate by water ranges from 16 to over 300Mgha1yr1in Ethiopia, mainly depending on the degree of slope gradient, intensity and type of land cover and nature of rainfall intensities (Tamrie, 1995; Tesfaye et al., 2014). Land degrdation is defined here as a process that lowers the productivity of dte land, assuning other fctors such as technology, management, and weather are held constant The major uses of land in Ethiopia are agricultural and pastoral and, hence, ultimately dependent on soil productivity. Soil erosion by water constitutes a threat to the maintenance of the subsistence living of the Ethiopian rural population. Six major soils groups in Ethiopia 1.Nitosols and Acrisols Nitosols They are develop on gently sloping ground. Abstract In Ethiopia farm forestry practice is becoming widespread particularly in population pressure-prone areas. In addition, land degradation directly affected the type of plant grown on the area, reduced availability of potable water, lessened volumes of surface water, depletion of aquifers and biodiversity loss. Regenerate & conservation strategies & policy of soil in Ethiopia One method of reversing this soil degradation is to use different soil and water conservation measures. Conservation agriculture (CA) has a long time been identified as one of the key interventions that could abate the current trend of physical and chemical erosion of soil. You searched for: Publication year rev 7979-2021 Remove constraint Publication year rev: 7979-2021 Subject land degradation Remove constraint Subject: land degradation Start Over Toggle facets The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation in Ethiopia [15]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation practices in improving soil fertility in the agricultural landscapes of the Damota area, southern Ethiopia. Inappropriate land-use systems and land-tenure policies enhance desertification and loss of agrobiodiversity. Soil Conservation Research Project P. O. Land degradation is a global negative environmental process that causes the decline in the productivity of land resources' capacity to perform their functions. Soil erosion is a great worldwide factor for land degradation that . agronomy Article Soil Loss Estimation for Conservation Planning in the Welmel Watershed of the Genale Dawa Basin, Ethiopia Yared Mesfin Tessema 1,2 , Justyna Jasińska 3 , Lemma Tiki Yadeta 2,4 , Marcin Świtoniak 3 , Radosław Puchałka 5,6, * and Eyob Gebrehiwot Gebregeorgis 5,7, * 1 Department of forestry, College of agriculture and environmental sciences, Arsi University, Assela, Oromia P . Risk preferences as determinants of soil . One method of reversing this soil degradation is to use different soil and water conservation measures. Soil deterioration is a serious problem in Ethiopia, particularly in the high lands, where population density is high and the bulk of crop production occurs (Hurni et al., 2007). The major causes of land degradation in Ethiopia are rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low Previously implemented soil and water conservation practice were not halted the threat, because it was mass mobilization without detailed study of real situation and without convicting farmers. Among the many indigenous ethnic groups in Ethiopia having the best experience and worldly known knowledge of indigenous . Achieving sustainable pathways out of land degradation problem and poverty require active participation of people in conservation practices and understand how farmers value the soil conservation. Soil erosion by water constitutes a threat to the maintenance of the subsistence living of the Ethiopian rural population. Box 62758 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia E-mail: ethiocat@telecom.net.et Abstract: A study was undertaken to assess the constraints to sustainable soil and water conservation interventions and develop effective strategies to the soil and water conservation program in Ethiopia. Therefore, this review paper generally focuses on the importance of soil and water Abstract: Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a critical factor for enhancing the soil erosion risk and land degradation process in the Wabi Shebelle Basin. Though soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies have been adopted in Geshy subcatchment, their effects on soil quality were limitedly studied. Kejela, K., & Fentaw, B. , 1992. At least six national SWC-related programs have been initiated since the 1970s and their focus over time has shifted from food relief to land conservation and then to livelihoods. Joshi et al., 1997). As in most tropical developing nations, the unsustainable and exploitative land According to scholars (e.g. The "Guidelines for development agents on soil conservation in Ethiopia" has been in use for 30 years; its translation into the Amharic language was published in 1987 and the book was reprinted in 1995. Land degradation in Ethiopia is especially severe in the highlands where the annual soil loss from farmland is estimated to 100 to 300 t ha −1 year −1 [8, 54]. Engdawork Assefa, Bork Hans‐Rudolf, Farmers' Perception of Land Degradation and Traditional Knowledge in Southern Ethiopia—Resilience and Stability, Land Degradation & Development, 10.1002/ldr.2364, 27, 6, (1552-1561), (2015). Land degradation in the form of soil erosion and fertility depletion is a major challenge in the Ethiopian highlands due to its adverse impacts on crop productivity, food security and natural resource conservation (Laekemariam et al. Soil degradation, its causes and consequences occur for various reasons and result in productivity loss, besides causing social and environmental impacts. The older agricultural areas of the northeast have long been particularly affected, but the highest soil erosion rates are currently being observed in the western parts of the highlands. The design of SWC structures considers the extent of erosion, cause of erosion and suitability of land. LalR (1989): Soil management options in the tropics as alternatives to splash and burn. Past efforts at Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) did not bring about significant results, mainly because of the top-down approach pursued. SOIL EROSION IN ETHIOPIA: EXTENT, CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND ISSUES OF SUSTAINABILITY Temesgen Gashaw Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Accepted 10 March, 2015 Soil degradation is a global environmental problem which started since the innovation of agriculture by human kind. The irony is that Ethiopia is a country with high biodiversity and Soil degradation is defined as a change in any or all of the soil status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods and services. About 40% of the world's agricultural lands were seriously degraded, where 80% of this degradation is caused by soil Land degradation is a result of several factors World Soil Erosion and Conservation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Land degradation is a major concern in Ethiopia since it leads to declining agricultural productivity, poverty and food insecurity. Soil degradation is one of the crucial issues in mountainous areas of Ethiopia which needs efforts to reduce it. The general aim of this paper is to review the magnitude, extent, causes, consequences and potential impacts of land resource degradation and rehabilitation strategies in Ethiopian Highlands . land resources and productivity potentials have already been considerably reduced in many parts of Ethiopia through deforestation, soil erosion, and fertility decline. rate of soil erosion in Ethiopia call for immediate action to retard and reverse this soil degradation due to erosion process. . Keywords: Land Degradation, Soil Erosion, Soil and Water Conservation, Vetiver, Stabilization 1. Soil conservation in Tigray, Ethiopia 1. sustainability of agricultural production in Ethiopia. Abstract Soil erosion and degradation is an important agro-ecological challenge in the highlands of Ethiopia. Cambridge, 27-61 pp. INTRODUCTION Land degradation is a major cause of poverty in rural areas of developing countries. Soil and water conservation (SWC) is being advocated as an integral part of agricultural land management as it not only controls/minimizes soil erosion but also restores/rehabilitates the degraded lands. Following the International Soil Conservation Organisation's (ISCO) conference in Addis Ababa in 1989 (Hurni and Kebede, 1992, Kebede and Hurni, 1992), it was the second time that Ethiopia could host a major international scientific event on land degradation and rehabilitation.In the framework of the United Nations proclamation of 2006 as the International Year of Deserts and Desertification . This problem is usually caused by land misuse and poor conservation, which can be consequences of natural processes or human activities. This is a This occurrence may be linked to unplanned and . Soil and water conservation thesis pdf This thesis focused on the use of soil and water conservation (SWC) planning tools to address two ecosystem services (ES's), erosion control (EC) and dry season baseflow enhancement (BF).Estimated rates of soil loss soil and water conservation thesis pdf on slopes in Ethiopia 20 2.The process of creating and implementing plans, programs.Besides, soil . The prevalence of traditional agricultural land use and the absence of • FAO has identified 18 soil associations in Ethiopia at scale of 1:2,000,000. Abstract: Soil degradation is one of the most serious environmental problems in the high-lands of Ethiopia. The study was carried out in three selected districts (Sekoru, Gomma, and Manna) of the Jimma Zone, South . Recent reports on the several dimensions and processes of land degradation in Ethiopia reveal: On over 2 million hectares, the soil depth is so reduced that the land is no longer able to support cultivation (USAID CRSPT, 2000). This research land degradation in Ethiopia. Inappropriate land-use systems and land-tenure policies enhance desertification and technologies at various degrees. This paper aims The loss of soil, and the deterioration in fertility, moisture storage capacity, and structure of the remaining soils, all reduce the country's agricultural productivity. Major causes of soil degradation Soil erosion Decline of soil fertility Water logging Salinity Shifting cultivation Soil erosion: Among the agents, water is considered as the main cause of soil erosion.

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